C. 5,000 BC Farming begins in Egypt. Religious seminaries accepted a few African applicants as early as 1841. This school was founded by Commander Jan van Riebeeck for the slave children brought to the Cape in the Dutch ship, the Amersfoort, which had captured them off a Portuguese slaver. In addition, from 2008, examinations at grade 12 level did not accommodate papers that distinguished between South African history and "general" history. C. 3,118 BC King Menes unites the kingdoms of Upper and Lower in Egypt. A timeline created with Timetoast's interactive timeline maker. 1948 to 1974 Following the Bantu Education Act (No. In History. The National Policy for General Affairs Act (No. The controversial 1913 Land Act, passed three years after South Africa gained its independence, marked the beginning of territorial segregation by forcing black Africans to live in reserves and making it illegal for them to work as sharecroppers. After the Civil War, and with the legal end of slavery, African Americans in the South make alliances with white Republicans to push for many political changes, including for the first time rewriting state constitutions to guarantee free public education. Firstly, this school had many of the characteristics that have come to frame the South African experience. The South African economy took a significant hit in 1986 when the United States and Great Britain imposed sanctions on the country because of its practice of apartheid. South African involvement in Angola ended formally after the signing of a United Nations-brokered agreement known as the New York Accords between the governments of Angola, Cuba and South Africa, resulting in the withdrawal of all foreign troops from Angola and also South Africa's withdrawal from South West Africa (now Namibia), which the UN regarded as illegally occupied since 1966. Black children were required to attend school from age seven until the equivalent of seventh grade or the age of sixteen. © 2004-2021 K12academics.com — All Rights Reserved. Authority in South Africa has been as of yet quite controversial, and before we can understand the authority roles of the government we need to understand their roles in the history of South Africa. They taught themselves to read in communities like Genadendal or, as they did in the heart of the Colonial town of Cape Town, they kept themselves religiously intact by starting madrassas, Islamic schools, where they taught each other to read and write. CE. While school attendance is not compulsory, it is introduced everywhere. They did so by ‘voting with their feet’ – they escaped from the school into the mountains surrounding the Cape. After British colonial officials began encouraging families to emigrate from Britain to the Cape Colony in 1820, the Colonial Office screened applicants for immigration for background qualifications. The slave trade is abolished in Britain in 1807 and slavery is formally abolished in all colonies of the British empire, including the colony at the Cape,  in 1833. In 1959, the Extension of University Education Act prohibited established universities from accepting most black students, although the government did create universities for black, coloured, and Indian students. These twin forces, which open up routes of opportunity for the missionaries, come to impose British modernity everywhere in the country. Humans migrate from Africa to other parts of the world. 1652: Dutch settlement Dutch East India Co. establishes settlement at Cape Town and soon after issues land grants for the interior. This decree was unpopular with learners and teachers alike, particularly in towns like the Johannesburg township of Soweto, where practically no-one spoke Afrikaans. It means, minimally, that we hold everybody to account, from political authorities to teachers, students and administrators in our schools (ourselves included!). As the process of Anglicisation happens, it happens with some ambiguity. By the late nineteenth century, three types of schools were receiving government assistance--ward schools, or small rural schools generally employing one teacher; district schools, providing primary-level education to several towns in an area; and a few secondary schools in larger cities. How to make a timeline? In May 1945, Prime Minister Smuts represented South Africa in San Francisco at the drafting of the United Nations Charter. The opening moment of education in South Africa coincides with the foundation of the colonial experience at the Cape in 1652. This law was enforced only weakly and not at all in areas where schools were unavailable. Beyond these minima, however, we ought to seize the moment, like those in the early days of our history. Afrikaans language schools are an exception, in that all subjects (other than other languages) are taught in Afrikaans. Some of the Bantustans that were incorporated back into South Africa in 1994 also had their own education departments. Teacher-pupil ratios in primary schools averaged 1:18 in white schools, 1:24 in Asian schools, 1:27 in coloured schools, and 1:39 in black schools. This included nationwide departments for coloured people, for Indians and for black people, a department for independent schools, and provincial departments for white people in each of the former four provinces. South Africa's standing in the international community was rising, at a time when the Third World's struggle against colonialism had still not taken center stage. 1000 - For thousands of years hunter-gatherers called the San people inhabit South Africa. The curriculum will inevitably stress certain themes over others, and give voice to some perspectives but not others. Although South Africa's education system is definitely structured differently than it was prior to the end of apartheid, unfortunately, access to high-quality education for all citizens regardless of race has yet to be fully realized. Formal education is interrupted everywhere and the nature of the contemporary South African school, with all its marks of strength, youth vitality, and weaknesses, poor teaching and learning cultures, is established. Important about this period is the consideration of policy choices in relation to the themes of power and its reconstitution and the imperative of reviewing the current era against the historical experiences which give it its social, political, economic and cultural character. In Natal, after annexation in 1843, attempts were made to develop an education structure. The first is that contrary to much of the historical narrative, even that which is sympathetic to the cause of the oppressed and which gives no or little voice to the marginalised, the slaves and the Khoisan exercised agency. The opening moment of education in South Africa coincides with the foundation of the colonial experience at the Cape in 1652. These people become known as the Khoikhoi. Everything, including medical care, education, and even the country's beaches were segregated by race. Alongside of this process of formalisation, another key experience takes root. Tensions over language in education erupted into violence on 16 June 1976, when students took to the streets in Soweto and eventually in other towns and cities in the country. Schools played an important part in this experience. Six years after the Dutch East India Company established its colony at the Cape, the first formal school is begun in 1658. Meanwhile, constitutional provision was made for education in the Transvaal Republic in 1858 and properly so in 1863 in the Orange Free State. This period saw the separate development of the following languages: Zulu, Xhosa, Swati, Ndebele, Southern Sotho, Northern Sotho, Tsonga, Tswana and Venda. Since then it has been copied and pasted by various Web sites - some without acknowledgement of the original source. 47) of 1953 the government tightened its control over religious high schools by eliminating almost all financial aid, forcing many churches to sell their schools to the government or close them entirely. School life spans 13 years or grades, from grade 0, otherwise known as grade R or “reception year”, through to grade 12 or “matric” – the year of matriculation. Our history of the last 25 years, during which the youth of our land sacrificed themselves for the cause of liberation, poignantly echoes the example of their ancestors 350 years ago. Students who tried to attend school and their teachers were attacked, and school staff found it increasingly difficult to maintain normal school activities. African Americans mobilize to bring public education to the South for the first time. Language soon became a sensitive issue in education. As teachers we need to be always trying new ways of being better at what we do. An allied experience during this period that should not be neglected is the relationship between South Africa and the British protectorates of Basutoland, Swaziland and Bechuanaland and the historically mandated territory of South West Africa. After their arrival, these parents placed a high priority on education. Whites were required to attend school between the ages of seven and sixteen. While this early school was extremely oppressive, we have, in this first 150 years of Dutch occupation of the Cape, a number of deeply important developments – classic vignettes – which speak powerfully to our understanding of South African history. As bureaucrats, we need to look beyond the superficial indicators of school-life. South African Timeline: 1652 - 1999. In 1852 the independent state of Transvaal and in 1854 the Orange Free State … The attendant systems of education that emerge during this period take their shape and character from the rapid experience of industrialization and the cultural conquest of the local people. Cecil John Rhodes proposes a university system that would bring English and Afrikaans speaking communities together in South Africa. As we confront the intense difficulties at our schools and come face-to-face with our teaching and learning challenges -  the decline in reading, writing, comprehension and computing - it is the example of acting in our own interests that we need to recover. The South African government implemented an education system called Christian National Education (CNE). While slaves and the indigenous people, the Khoisan, faced great challenges during this time because of the harsh laws of the Dutch, we see a number of instances  where these oppressed people begin to organise themselves. The other important feature of the period takes us, however, into a different direction. Significant steps continue to be taken by the rapidly growing missionary movement to provide education for both black and white children. From the beginning of 1991, white schools were required to select one of four "Models": A, B, C, or D. "Model C" was a semi-private structure, with decreased funding from the state, and greatly increased autonomy for schools. The NP government also reintroduced Christian National Education as the guiding philosophy of education. Frustrated by the inferior education they receive, young people turn their schools into sites of mobilisation. In 1997 the government launched its new education system called Curriculum 2005, which would be based on "outcomes based education" (OBE). A chronology of key events in the history of South Africa from 4th-century migrations to the present day. But it is the less well-known theme of acting in our own interests, seen in the Genadendal and madressah examples from early Cape history, which we need to highlight today. The government initially refused to fund schools adopting this program, but Jan C. Smuts, the Transvaal leader who later became prime minister, was strongly committed to reconciliation between Afrikaners and English speakers; he favoured local control over many aspects of education. The government also financed teacher training classes for Africans as part of its pacification campaign throughout the nineteenth century. The kind of education that is introduced is deliberately inferior. 1984 to 1990 It also set about reforming the educational system by first removing all racially offensive and outdated content and then introducing continuous assessment into schools. Before 1953, many black people attended schools set up by religions organisations. Through literature study, the past of education prior to the 1994 democratic elections was revealed. The significance of this school in presenting the themes of domination and resistance, is vital for understanding South African education. It was profoundly oppressive. 1994 to 1997 Tags: Angie Motshekga department of basic education history South Africa. 1997 to 2005 The significance of apartheid is the systematic organisation of South African social, political and economic life along rigid racial lines. 1974- South Africa expelled from the UN because of apartheid. Although most white schools opted for the status quo, by 1993, due to government policy, 96% of white public schools became "Model C" schools. Higher education was generally reserved for those who could travel to Europe, but in 1829 the government established the multiracial South African College, which later split into the University of Cape Town and the South African College Schools. 1894 The Council of Education is abolished and a sub-department of ‘Native Education' is established under the Superindendent of Education. There are … The earliest European schools in South Africa were established in the Cape Colony in the late seventeenth century by Dutch Reformed Church elders committed to biblical instruction, which was necessary for church confirmation. The period is marked by the emergence of colonialism proper. What does this mean? British mission schools proliferated after 1799, when the first members of the London Missionary Society arrived in the Cape Colony. Timeline Description: Apartheid was a time in South Africa between 1948 and 1994 when the government made laws to discriminate against black people. Although CNE advanced principles of racial inferiority, it promoted teaching of cultural diversity and enforced mother-tongue instruction in the first years of primary school. But, like their descendents who refused  to accept anything less than the best education that can be provided, they rejected this degraded education. The number of schools for blacks increased during the 1960s, but their curriculum was designed to prepare children for menial jobs. Battles and smallpox push back the indigenous populations of the San (hunter-gatherers) and the Khoikhoi (farmers). South Africa has 11 official languages and the first year of schooling is provided in all these home languages. And then, to buy their obedience, they were plied with alcohol. Parts of South Africa's history are interwoven with international events and trends. The basis of this system is that a person's social responsibilities and political opportunities are defined by that person's ethnic identity. For South African learners and educators, this is a new approach. Black schools had inferior facilities, teachers, and textbooks. Together these experiences shake up the country fundamentally. Each of the three houses of parliament--for whites, coloureds, and Indians--had an education department for one racial group. 1900 Natal's African student numbers rise to 10 618. It is believed that this was aimed at dividing black people in South Africa by emphasizing the differences between language groups. Emerging clearly out of this development, of course, are the abiding themes of conflict. Public timelines; Search; Sign in; Sign up; Milestones in African American Education Timeline created by Shasha He. History of Education in the United States, ‹ Basic Education System (Primary and Secondary Schools), Education in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Basic Education System (Primary and Secondary Schools), Education in the Central African Republic, Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Education in the Federated States of Micronesia. Out of the series of wars emerges the single political entity of South Africa. As the slave children are enrolled, so they are forced to take new identities. By 1877 some 60 percent of white school-age children in Natal were enrolled in school, as were 49 percent in the Cape Colony. C. 2,600 BC The first pyramid is built in Egypt. The relevance of our early education history is that it speaks clearly to the relatively well-known themes of our present, domination and resistance. Six years after the Dutch East India Company established its colony at the Cape, the first formal school is begun in 1658. The establishment of the first school in the country’s history is deeply significant for two reasons. The period is marked by the introduction in the early 1950s of a series of landmark pieces of legislation, culminating, in 1953, with the Bantu Education Act. 2006 until now - use of English The country experiences the mineral revolution which sets in motion the great wars on the military front, on the cultural front and the identity front. Ghana . This story begins with the arrival of the London Missionary Society in 1799 and takes shape in the work of people like Dr Phillip and the subsequent establishment of important institutions such as Lovedale College. After the Boer War (ended 1902) in the former Afrikaner republics, however, enrolments remained low--only 12 percent in the Orange Free State and 8 percent in the Transvaal--primarily the result of Afrikaner resistance to British education. Moreover, whereas 96 percent of all teachers in white schools had teaching certificates, only 15 percent of teachers in black schools were certified. Children learn to read and write, but critically, and this is the second purpose that critics have argued is behind the establishment of Bantu Education, only for the purposes of employment. 250 - The Bantu people begin to migrate into South Africa from the north. This position was bureaucratised with an administrative apparatus by the end of this century. mpu1. The oldest schools in the country, such as the South African College School (SACS) founded in 1829, for example, has children of colour. Higher education was generally reserved for those who could travel to Europe, but in 1829 the government established the multiracial South African College, which later became the University of Cape Town. History of African Education under Colonialism. Racial segregation and white supremacy had become central aspects of South African policy long before apartheid began. de Klerk became president of South Africa and dismantled many of the laws that allowed apartheid to become the way of life in the country. It means that we insist that we only get what is the very best that this country can deliver for us: good classrooms, good laboratories and good libraries; good teachers who teach to the best of their abilities and who are self-conscious of their strengths and shortcomings and can act on these; and students who value the privilege of learning and recognise their own responsibilities as learners. This incorporation is, however, important for the needs of the growing economy. In this decree, physical science and practical subjects would be taught in English, mathematics and social science subjects would be taught in Afrikaans, and music and cultural subjects would be taught in the learner's native language. Enrolments in these republics increased after the government of the Union agreed to the use of Afrikaans in the schools and to allow Afrikaner parents greater control over primary and secondary education. Following the British victory in the South African War, the British High Commissioner for Southern Africa, Sir Alfred Milner, brought thousands of teachers from Britain, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand to instil the English language and British cultural values, especially in the two former Afrikaner republics. transformation be well understood within the context of South African history of education. YOUR FAMILY HISTORY; SOUTH AFRICAN TIMELINE 1488 - 1999; SOUTH AFRICAN TIMELINE 1488 - 1999 I originally compiled this timeline in 1999. HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA Timeline. Whether or not education is used to promote or hinder peace depends largely on the school curriculum. Although the form of "Model C" was abolished by the post-apartheid government, the term is still commonly used to describe former whites-only government schools, as of 2013. At least two dozen English-language schools operated in rural areas of the Cape Colony by 1827, but their presence rankled among devout Afrikaners, who considered the English language and curriculum irrelevant to rural life and Afrikaner values. 1806 to 1900 Timeline of Apartheid History: 1980 to 1994 Key Events in the History of Apartheid Whilst much of the implementation of Apartheid was slow and insidious, there were a number of key events which had a significant impact on the people of South Africa. The white education system was restructured, in anticipation of democracy, by the apartheid government. It takes place, moreover, under the auspices of the homeland system, central to which is the construction of apartheid’s ethnic identities. The National Party (NP) was able to capitalise on the fear of racial integration in the schools to build its support. This latter conflict comes to a head with the South African War of 1899-1902. This country had an unpleasant history of discrimination and inequality for over three centuries. The great alternative schools of the People’s Education period come into being, as does the African National Congress school in exile, the Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College, named after the youth activist hanged by the Pretoria regime in 1979. PDF | On Jan 1, 2009, Driekie Hay and others published South African Education Before and After 1994 | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate In addition, several other government departments managed specific aspects of education. These conflicts are expressed on several levels and persist in the missionary movement itself, in its target community, the African and slave people, and between the missionaries and the latter, into the climactic era of full modernity in the middle of the 20th century. The 19th century is an era of revolutionary change in South Africa. And as learners, we need to keep asking the question, what else is there to know and how do we get it? For this to happen, it is essential that the different fragments of post-co… SA extreme swimmer Ryan Stramrood up for award – … African children attended mission schools, for the most part, and were taught by clergy or by lay teachers, sometimes with government assistance. Make educational timelines or create a timeline for your company website. The South African Schools Act, 1996 was promulgated to "provide for a uniform system for the organisation, governance and funding of schools". In the past, many scholars tended to use the start of colonial rule as the dawn of South African history (Molema, 1920: 51-52; Theal, 1894). Two instances are important to record for understanding our history differently. We need to delve into the historically rich controversies of this nation, with complete emphasis on the South African education system during and post-apartheid, which dates back from 1948 to 1994. The schools suffered further damage as vandals damaged or destroyed school property. Secondary-school pass rates for black pupils in the nationwide, standardised high-school graduation exams were less than one-half the pass rate for whites. I have since expanded on this timeline greatly, and continue to add to this work that will be published in book form. Yet, at the same time, during this period there is evidence of black and white children being educated in common classrooms. We need to think deeply about how our leaders can be engaged creatively to confront the complexities of our schools. Soweto 1976 marks the beginning of the process of rejection by young people of this apartheid education. Europeans dominate the western half of the area by 1800. They selected educated families, for the most part, to establish a British presence in the Cape Colony. Key to understanding this period are the frontier wars and the discovery, during the 1860 to 1880 period, of gold and diamonds, and then finally, the conflict between the British and the descendents of the Dutch, the Afrikaners. Latest Posts. For Asians and coloured children, education was compulsory between the ages of seven and fifteen. The National Party ruled Africa during that time and made the laws. The Grey Institute was established in Port Elizabeth in 1856; Graaff-Reinet College was founded in 1860. Per capita government spending on black education slipped to one-tenth of spending on whites in the 1970s. In rural areas, itinerant teachers (meesters) taught basic literacy and math skills. C. 1,700 BC The kingdom of Kush arises south of Egypt 76) of 1984 provided some improvements in black education but maintained the overall separation called for by the Bantu education system. Before 2009, schools serving non-English speakers had to teach English as a subject only from grade 3 and all subjects were taught in English from grade 4 (except in Afrikaans language schools). Amersfoort Legacy - History of education in South Africa, History of slavery and early colonisation in South Africa, Amersfoort Legacy: A history through pictures. But during the last decades of that century, all four provinces virtually abolished African enrolment in government schools. And long may they continue to act when they see injustice. Each of the ten homelands had its own education department. The great apparatuses of power were introduced, such as the formal parliaments, the institutions of the military, the hospital services, and alongside these, the institution of the Anglican Church. The Christian College was founded at Potchefstroom in 1869 and was later incorporated into the University of South Africa and renamed Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education. The signature development of the later years of this period is, of course, the beginning of the great youth revolt. In 1839 an Education Department was established at the Cape with a superintendent, James Rose Innes, at its head. The government gave strong management control to the school boards, who were elected by the parents in each district. Under Apartheid South Africa, there were eight education departments that followed different curricula and offered different standards of learning quality. It formally brings to an end missionary control of the education of black people and institutes a system of mass education. These scholars held the view that an indigenous person was a savage pagan with no history or culture to transmit. Wealthy and middle-class Blacks have been able to access the best education available to any White child, but for poor and working-class Black families which make up the majority of South … 1990 to 1993 This paper focuses on the process of higher education policy development in post-election South Africa during the period 1994-1998. This is in defiance of the Dutch East India Company or without their knowledge. Education - Education - South Africa: From the time of the first white settlements in South Africa, the Protestant emphasis on home Bible reading ensured that basic literacy would be achieved in the family. The Minister said that the reason for this decree was to ensure that black people can communicate effectively with English and Afrikaans speaking white people. 1976 — More than 600 killed in violent clashes between black protesters and security forces during uprising which starts in Soweto. 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